One of the Least Savory Aspects of Pet Ownership That You May Not Know About
By Dr. Becker
There's a not-so-pleasant aspect of pet parenting that most of us
are familiar with (and wish we weren't!) — the dreaded intestinal worm
infestation. There are actually several types of worms that can wriggle
their way into your dog's or cat's GI tract, including the hookworm,
roundworm, tapeworm and whipworm.
How Do I Know If My Pet Has Worms?
The short answer: it can be challenging. Some intestinal worms can
be seen with the naked eye; others can't. Dogs and cats with worm
infestations may have one or more of the following symptoms:
However, sometimes the presence of intestinal worms causes no
noticeable symptoms. The worms can also lay dormant in your pet's body
for long stretches. The following is a short primer on four common
types of intestinal worms.
Hookworms
Hookworms attach to the intestinal wall and suck the blood of the host. They're much more common in dogs than cats.
Hookworms are primarily transmitted fecal-orally to animals, meaning
your dog or cat may eat contaminated feces or dirt, or he might walk
through contaminated soil, then lick his paws and ingest the eggs.
Puppies and kittens can acquire hookworm from an infected mother's
milk.
A puppy or kitten who acquires hookworms can become lethargic, weak, malnourished and anemic. It isn't uncommon for young pets to die from a hookworm infestation.
Infected adult pets may show symptoms of poor appetite and weight
loss. Chronic hookworm infestation is a common cause of illness in older
dogs.
Humans can also acquire a hookworm infection, typically by picking
up the eggs or larvae on the skin from soil contaminated by infected
wild animal or pet poop. Hookworm larvae have the ability to penetrate
human skin, and they aren't visible to the naked eye.
To prevent a hookworm infestation, it's important to get rid of any
potentially infective feces from wild or stray animals around your
property that might tempt your dog or cat. It's also a good idea to keep
your pet away from the poop of other animals while you're walking
outdoors or hiking.
Roundworms
Roundworms are large and spaghetti-like in appearance, and they can
create a full-blown infestation in your pet before you even know
they're there. By the time you see signs of roundworms in your dog's or
cat's feces or vomit, he's overrun with them.
Roundworm
It's important not to wait until you actually see the worms to alert
you to an infestation. If you suspect your dog or cat has been
exposed, you should collect a stool sample and drop it by your
veterinarian's office for analysis.
Pets typically acquire roundworms by eating infected feces. The
infection can also be passed from a female to her unborn litter across
the placenta. The pups or kittens develop their own infection while
still in the uterus and are born positive for roundworm.
Puppies and kittens with roundworm often have potbellies and poor
growth. If not treated quickly, a severe infestation can block the
intestines and cause death. That's why I recommend checking fecal
samples at 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks of age.
Tapeworms
Tapeworms
are flat-shaped, with a head, neck and many body segments called
proglottids. The head has suckers and hooks that allow the tapeworm to
deeply embed into the walls of the small intestine. The worms can range
from under an inch to several feet (yes, feet!) in length.
Tapeworm segments are often seen near the anus of an infected pet,
and segments that have been recently passed out of the body may still
be moving.
Your dog or cat can acquire a tapeworm infestation by eating part or
all of an intermediate host (e.g., birds, fish, reptiles and rats)
carrying tapeworm eggs, larvae or cysts. Fleas and lice also harbor tapeworm eggs.
The most common method of transmission is through ingestion of adult fleas, birds, rodents, rabbits or through scavenging.
Free-roaming pets with access to freshly killed wild or domestic
animals are at increased risk of acquiring tapeworms, as are animals
with heavy lice and/or flea infestations.
Pets with tapeworms often show no signs of discomfort. When symptoms
do occur, they can include itchiness around the anus, licking of the
anal and perianal area, butt scooting,
weight loss without loss of appetite, increased appetite without
weight gain, poor coat or skin condition, distended or painful abdomen,
diarrhea, lethargy and irritability.
Rarely, a heavy infestation of adult tapeworms causes partial or
complete intestinal blockage, which is a true medical emergency. These
parasites can be difficult to diagnose, and sometimes the only
noticeable symptom is what looks like grains of white rice (tapeworm
segments) stuck to or crawling through the fur around a pet's rear end.
Tapeworm
Whipworms
Whipworms
are more common in dogs than cats, and pets can only be infected by
ingesting whipworm eggs from soil or other substrates containing eggs.
In the small intestine, larvae hatch from ingested eggs and burrow into
the mucosal lining. From two to 10 days later, they move on to the
cecum and grow into adult worms.
The eggs are not infectious when passed in feces. They need several
weeks in soil to develop into infective larvae inside their shells. A
dog or cat eats contaminated soil or objects in the soil and the cycle
of infection begins.
Adult whipworms look like tiny pieces of thread, with one end
enlarged. They are rarely seen in in feces. Many pets show no signs of
illness with a whipworm infestation. Symptoms when they do occur can
include bloody diarrhea, dehydration, weight loss, anemia and even
death in severe cases.
Re-infection with whipworm from contaminated environments is a
significant concern. The eggs are extremely resilient and resistant to
most cleaning methods and even freezing temperatures. They can be dried
out with strong agents like agricultural lime, but the preferred
method is to replace contaminated soil with new soil or another
substrate.
Regularly picking up poop from your yard and other areas your pet
frequents will help reduce the risk of further contamination of soil.
Choose Targeted Treatment and Avoid Combination Dewormers
As with any illness in your dog or cat, the earlier an intestinal
worm infestation is diagnosed and treated, the better the outcome. Many
veterinarians include a stool check
as part of the wellness exam. If yours doesn't, you can request it.
It's important to note that tapeworms can be difficult to diagnose with
routine stool sample tests, so be sure to keep an eye out for the
appearance of "rice" either in your pet's poop or in the fur around his
rear end.
It's very important that your veterinarian identifies the precise
type of worm that has invaded your pet's intestinal tract. I recommend
avoiding combination treatments that claim to kill and/or prevent a
variety of worms and other internal parasites. They are typically
prescribed for monthly use.
More is not better when it comes to drugs for your pet. If your dog
or cat has whipworms, for example, treat the whipworms specifically,
and only long enough to clear the infection. Some integrative
veterinarians offer natural dewormers for certain kinds of intestinal
worm infestations. I have tried them all and unfortunately, sometimes
they work, and sometimes they don't.
For instance, food-grade diatomaceous earth kills tapeworm segments,
but not the deeply embedded head, so you may think you've killed the
entire worm, only to find out later that your pet is chronically
infected, which can lead to chronic GI inflammation and dysbiosis.
It's fine to try natural deworming first, but making sure these
resilient parasites are truly eliminated, regardless of what you use, is
of utmost importance to avoid chronic, avoidable GI problems.
This pet-friendly article was brought to you by Dr. Karen Becker, Mercola Healthy Pets resident proactive and
integrative wellness veterinarian. For more pet care tips and to stay up to date with her latest recommendations,
visit HealthyPets.Mercola.com where you can also get your FREE Homemade Treats for Healthy Pets E-book today!
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